Косвенная речь в английском: Reported Speech
Разбираем Reported Speech: сдвиг времён, замену местоимений и указателей времени. С примерами из прямой речи в косвенную и типичными ошибками.
📌 Суть правила
Когда мы передаём чужие слова, меняется не только время глагола, но и местоимения, а иногда — указатели времени и места.
Direct: He said, «I am tired.»
Reported: He said (that) he was tired.
🧮 Формула
🔁 Сдвиг времён (backshift)
Present Simple → Past Simple
Present Continuous → Past Continuous
Past Simple → Past Perfect
will → would
can → could
Present Continuous → Past Continuous
Past Simple → Past Perfect
will → would
can → could
👤 Замена местоимений
I → he / she
my → his / her
we → they
my → his / her
we → they
🕐 Замена указателей
now → then
today → that day
tomorrow → the next day
here → there
today → that day
tomorrow → the next day
here → there
💬 Примеры
«I like pizza,» she said. → She said she liked pizza.
«Я люблю пиццу», — сказала она. → Она сказала, что любит пиццу.
«I am working,» he said. → He said he was working.
«Я работаю», — сказал он. → Он сказал, что работает.
«I will call you,» she said. → She said she would call me.
«Я тебе позвоню», — сказала она. → Она сказала, что позвонит мне.
«I can help,» he said. → He said he could help.
«Я могу помочь», — сказал он. → Он сказал, что может помочь.
⚠️ Типичные ошибки
🚫 Так говорить нельзя:
He said he is tired. → He said he was tired. (сдвиг времён)
She said she will come. → She said she would come. (will → would)
He said I am tired. → He said he was tired. (замена местоимений)
💡 Нюансы и исключения
🔁 Сдвиг времён (backshift)
Present Simple → Past Simple
Present Continuous → Past Continuous
Past Simple → Past Perfect
Present Perfect → Past Perfect
will → would, can → could, may → might, must → had to
Present Continuous → Past Continuous
Past Simple → Past Perfect
Present Perfect → Past Perfect
will → would, can → could, may → might, must → had to
👤 Замена местоимений
I → he / she
my → his / her
we → they
our → their
my → his / her
we → they
our → their
🕐 Замена указателей времени и места
now → then
today → that day
tomorrow → the next day
yesterday → the day before
here → there
today → that day
tomorrow → the next day
yesterday → the day before
here → there
🚫 Когда сдвиг НЕ нужен
Если передаём слова, сказанные только что:
He says he is tired. (не was)
Для универсальных истин:
She said water boils at 100°C.
He says he is tired. (не was)
Для универсальных истин:
She said water boils at 100°C.
❓ Reported questions
Прямой: Where do you live?
Косвенный: He asked where I lived.
Прямой: Are you busy?
Косвенный: She asked if I was busy.
Косвенный: He asked where I lived.
Прямой: Are you busy?
Косвенный: She asked if I was busy.
Проверь себя
5 вопросов на Reported Speech. Займёт 1 минуту.
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